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Crown and Pinion
The crown wheel and pinion (commonly called ring and pinion in the U.S.) is a bevel gear set in a vehicle's final drive. It transfers power from the longitudinal driveshaft to the transverse axle shafts, changes direction, and provides gear reduction (e.g., 3.90:1 means the driveshaft turns 3.9 times per axle revolution).In front-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles, it is located in the rear differential with the ring gear attached to the carrier. Front-wheel-drive designs may use alternative gearing depending on engine layout and may not include a traditional ring and pinion.
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Precision Gear Manufacturing
Brief Description of the Machining Process
Gear Blank Preparation
Machine Loading & Setup
Rough & Semi-Finish Cutting
Precision Finish Cutting
Case Hardening
Hard Finishing & Final Inspection
5-Cut vs 2-Cut Gear Cutting Comparison
| Aspect | 5-Cut (Face Milled) | 2-Cut (Face Hobbed) | Winner / Key Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Machining Method | Single indexing; multiple offset passes on 3-axis CNC | Continuous indexing; only 2 passes on 5-axis CNC | 2-Cut is faster & more efficient |
| Number of Cuts | 5 or more (rough + multiple finish passes) | Only 2 passes | 2-Cut ~30% faster production time |
| Tooth Height | Contraction tooth: Taller at heel (outer), shorter at toe (inner) | Equal height tooth: Uniform tooth height from toe to heel | — |
| Root Width | Constant root width | Tapered root width (narrows toward toe) | — |
| Contact Pattern | Pinion slides across full tooth length | Pinion contacts mainly in the center of the tooth | 5-Cut = better load distribution |
| Load Distribution | Load spreads evenly along entire tooth face | Load concentrated in center → higher localized stress | 5-Cut superior for high-torque / impact |
| Noise Level | Traditionally louder (can be improved with lapping) | Generally quieter in most applications | 2-Cut usually wins for NVH |
| Strength & Durability | Excellent for high-impact / racing / off-road | Very good, but centralized contact may wear faster under extreme abuse | 5-Cut often preferred in hardcore racing |
| Production Cost / Speed | Slower, more expensive (more setups & tool changes) | Faster, lower cost (modern OE standard) | 2-Cut dominates mass production |
| Typical Backlash | Larger (0.008–0.012") | Smaller (0.003–0.008") | 2-Cut allows tighter setups |
| Contact Pattern Shape | More square / centered pattern | Diagonal / bias pattern | — |
| Industry Trend | Traditional method (still used in high-performance aftermarket) | Dominant in modern OEM production | 2-Cut is the current mainstream |
| Best For | High-power racing, extreme off-road, durability-focused | Everyday vehicles, cost-sensitive production, quietness | Depends on application |
Common Gear Issues and Troubleshooting Guide
Possible Cause #1: This sound might actually be normal, depending on the gear ratio you are using. Higher numerical gear sets (3.73 and above) are naturally louder because the pinion has fewer teeth and the gear design differs from standard street gears.
Possible Cause #2: Excessive noise may also result from incorrect gear spacing. Since aftermarket gears often require a different setup than the factory set, the original shim stack cannot be reused. To install them correctly, you must establish the correct spacing by measuring pinion depth with the appropriate setting tool.
Possible Cause #3: If the spacing is correct, the noise may come from poor tooth-to-tooth contact. After setting up the gears with a pinion depth tool, always check the contact pattern with marking compound. With most gear sets, the pattern should appear closer to the toe of the tooth
Possible Cause #1: Aftermarket gears often need different spacing from the OEM setup, so reusing the original shim stack isn’t advisable. Proper installation requires measuring pinion depth with a dedicated setting tool. Incorrect spacing will cause accelerated wear and damage to the gears.
Possible Cause #2: Worn carrier or pinion bearings lead to too much play between gears, resulting in uneven wear patterns or chipped teeth. Inspect bearings for wear and replace them if needed.
Possible Cause #3: Wrong backlash adjustment damages gear teeth. Backlash, which determines lubricant flow between teeth, must be set between 0.006 and 0.009 inches. Improper settings can cause overheating or gear failure.
Possible Cause #4: Poor break-in process results in early wear. Always adhere to the manufacturer’s break-in guidelines. Typically, drive new gears lightly for the first 20 miles, then let them cool; aggressive use will lead to rapid wear and noise.
Possible Cause #1: Does the “clunk” happen only as the vehicle begins moving? If so, the gears are usually not at fault. Instead, a loose pinion yoke, faulty U-joint, or worn transmission is often responsible for the noise.
Possible Cause #2: Another potential issue is the crush sleeve. If it’s not compressed correctly, the pinion yoke becomes loose and the pinion bearings fail to seat properly. Note that it generally requires 300-400 ft.-lbs. of torque to crush the sleeve effectively.
Possible Cause #1: Incorrect break-in leads to gears growing louder with continued use. As noted earlier, new gear sets need light driving for the first 20 miles followed by a cooldown period. Aggressive operation causes premature wear and escalating noise levels.
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| Product Number | Front/Rear | Ratio | OD/mm | ID/mm | TH/mm | Length/mm | Spline Teeth |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fiat | |||||||
| Fiat-10:41 | Rear | 10/41 | 184 | 109 | 31 | 201 | 30 |
| GM | |||||||
| GM8.5‘’- 12:41 | Rear | 12/41 | 217 | 127 | 39 | 224 | 30 |
| GM8.75‘’- 8:41 | Rear | 8/41 | 225 | 138 | 35 | 207 | 30 |
| Hino | |||||||
| HT130-6:41 | Rear | 6:41 | 340 | 191 | 46 | 244 | 25 |
| HT130-7:45 | Rear | 7:45 | 342 | 191 | 55 | 244 | 25 |
| FD-6:43 | Rear | 6:43 | 340 | 192 | 66 | 252 | 14 |
| FD-6:41 | Rear | 6:41 | 332 | 191 | 65 | 251 | 14 |
| FD-7:39 | Rear | 7:39 | 334 | 191 | 61 | 251 | 14 |
| FD-7:41 | Rear | 7:41 | 332 | 191 | 62 | 251 | 14 |
| FD-10:41 | Rear | 10:41 | 332 | 191 | 52 | 251 | 14 |
| Aisa-6:41 | Rear | 6:41 | 340 | 191 | 56 | 244 | 25 |
| Asia-6:38 | Rear | 6:38 | 335 | 191 | 63 | 251 | 14 |
| Asia-7:37 | Rear | 7:37 | 330 | 191 | 59.5 | 251.5 | 14 |
| Asia-7:40 | Rear | 7:40 | 335 | 191 | 63 | 252 | 14 |
| SG-6:41 | Rear | 6:41 | 440 | 240 | 64 | 300 | 29 |
| SG-7:43 | Rear | 7:43 | 440 | 240 | 61 | 300 | 29 |
| SG-7:45 | Rear | 7:45 | 440 | 240 | 61.5 | 298 | 29 |
| Hino500-7:41 | Front | 7:41 | 450 | 239 | 68 | 298 | 34 |
| JO8C-7:45R | Rear | 7:45 | 450 | 260 | 63 | 297 | 34 |
| JO8C-7:45F | Front | 7:45 | 450 | 265 | 63 | 298 | 34 |
| Hyundai | |||||||
| Hyundai-6:37 | Rear | 6:37 | 300 | 175 | 46 | 246 | 14 |
| Hyundai-6:40 | Rear | 6:40 | 300 | 175 | 47 | 246 | 14 |
| Isuzu | |||||||
| NPR-6:35 | Rear | 6:35 | 288 | 200 | 39.5 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-6:37 | Rear | 6:37 | 291 | 200 | 40 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-6:38 | Rear | 6:38 | 291 | 200 | 41 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-6:39 | Rear | 6:39 | 291 | 200 | 41 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-7:39 | Rear | 7:39 | 290 | 200 | 38 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-7:41 | Rear | 7:41 | 291 | 200 | 39.5 | 221 | 18 |
| NPR-7:41DC | Rear | 7:41 | 291 | 200 | 40 | 225.5 | 18 |
| NPR-7:43DC | Rear | 7:43 | 291 | 200 | 40 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-7:43X | Rear | 7:43 | 291 | 200 | 40 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-7:43T | Rear | 7:43 | 291 | 200 | 40 | 222 | 17 |
| NPR-8:39 | Rear | 8:39 | 291 | 200 | 37.5 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-8:43 | Rear | 8:43 | 289 | 200 | 38 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-9:37 | Rear | 9:37 | 291 | 200 | 41.5 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR9:37B | Rear | 9:37 | 291 | 200 | 38 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-9:39 | Rear | 9:39 | 291 | 200 | 38 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-11:41Z | Rear | 11:41 | 290 | 200 | 39 | 225 | 18 |
| NPR-11:41 | Rear | 11:41 | 290 | 200 | 39 | 200 | 25 |
| NPR-6:41 | Rear | 6:41 | 291 | 200 | 41.5 | 225 | 18 |
| NHR-7:39 | Rear | 7:39 | 244 | 154 | 34 | 232 | 17 |
| TFR-10:41 | Rear | 10:41 | 193 | 122 | 33 | 205 | 13 |
| TFR-9:41B | Rear | 9:41 | 193 | 123 | 34.5 | 205 | 13 |
| TFR-10:43 | Rear | 10:43 | 194 | 122 | 33 | 207 | 13 |
| NKR-6:41 | Rear | 6:41 | 319 | 200 | 50 | 241 | 16 |
| NKR-6:39 | Rear | 6:39 | 319 | 200 | 49 | 242 | 16 |
| NKR-7:41 | Rear | 7:41 | 319 | 200 | 47 | 242 | 16 |
| NKR-7:43 | Rear | 7:43 | 320 | 200 | 48 | 242 | 16 |
| FSR-8:41 | Rear | 8:41 | 362 | 220 | 50 | 242.5 | 16 |
| FTR-6:39 | Rear | 6:39 | 395 | 240 | 53 | 267 | 18 |
| FTR-7:39 | Rear | 7:39 | 395 | 240 | 50 | 267 | 18 |
| FTR-7:43 | Rear | 7:43 | 394 | 241 | 54 | 268 | 18 |
| FVR-6:39 | Rear | 6:39 | 415 | 260 | 52.5 | 277 | 18 |
| FVR--7:39 | Rear | 7:39 | 415 | 260 | 49 | 278 | 18 |
| FRR-7:38 | Rear | 7:38 | 343 | 192 | 43 | 232 | 16 |
| FRR-7:41 | Rear | 7:41 | 340 | 192 | 43 | 231 | 16 |
| FRR-7:43 | Rear | 7:43 | 339 | 192 | 42 | 232 | 16 |
| JEEP | |||||||
| JK & JL D30-9:41C2 | Front | 9/41 | 182 | 114 | 33.6 | 183 | 24 |
| JK D44-9:41C5 | Rear | 9/41 | 224 | 141 | 40.5 | 223 | 24 |
| JK D44-10:41 | Rear | 10/41 | 225 | 141 | 38 | 223.5 | 24 |
| JK D44-9:41 | Rear | 9/41 | 225 | 141 | 40.5 | 223.5 | 24 |
| JK & JL D30-10:41 | Front | 10/41 | 182 | 114 | 31 | 183 | 31 |
| JK & JL D30-9:41 | Front | 9/41 | 182 | 114 | 33.6 | 183 | 24 |
| JL D44-9:41F | Front | 9/41 | 210.7 | 134.5 | 40 | 196 | 28 |
| JL D44-10:41 | Rear | 10/41 | 220 | 134.5 | 37.8 | 200 | 28 |
| JL D44-9:41R | Rear | 9/41 | 220 | 134.5 | 40.5 | 200 | 28 |
| Mazda | |||||||
| MZD-9:40B | Rear | 9:40 | 203 | 123 | 32.8 | 201 | 28 |
| MZD-9:40 | Rear | 9:40 | 203 | 121 | 40 | 207 | 29 |
| MZD-9:40S | Rear | 9:40 | 183 | 108 | 37 | 202 | 28 |
| MZD-6:43 | Rear | 6:43 | 328 | 216 | 50 | 231 | 37 |
| MZD-7:46 | Rear | 7:46 | 328 | 216 | 49 | 231 | 37 |
| MZD-7:46S | Rear | 7:46 | 302 | 200 | 36 | 216 | 31 |
| MZD-7:43 | Rear | 7:43 | 302 | 200 | 34 | 216 | 31 |
| MercedesBenz | |||||||
| MB-8:35 | Rear | 8:35 | 213 | 127 | 34 | 194 | 28 |
| Mitsubishi | |||||||
| PS100-6:37 | Rear | 6:37 | 290 | 175 | 45 | 245 | 14 |
| PS100-6:40 | Rear | 6:40 | 290 | 175 | 46.5 | 245 | 14 |
| PS100-7:37 | Rear | 7:37 | 289 | 175 | 43 | 246 | 14 |
| PS100-7:40 | Rear | 7:40 | 289 | 176 | 44 | 245 | 14 |
| PS120-6:37 | Rear | 6:37 | 300 | 175 | 46 | 209 | 18 |
| PS120-6:40 | Rear | 6:40 | 302.5 | 175 | 47 | 209 | 18 |
| PS120-7:40 | Rear | 7:40 | 302.5 | 175 | 39 | 209 | 18 |
| PS135-6:38 | Rear | 6:38 | 335 | 200 | 47 | 221 | 20 |
| PS135-6:40 | Rear | 6:40 | 334 | 200 | 48 | 220.5 | 20 |
| PS135-9:40X | Rear | 9:40 | 340 | 200 | 43.5 | 221 | 20 |
| PS135-9:40D | Rear | 9:40 | 340 | 200 | 43 | 221 | 20 |
| PS136-6:38 | Rear | 6:38 | 150 | 200 | 47 | 227 | 22 |
| PS136-6:40 | Rear | 6:40 | 350 | 200 | 49 | 227 | 22 |
| PS136-9:40 | Rear | 9:40 | 351 | 200 | 38 | 225 | 22 |
| PS190-6:37 | Rear | 6:37 | 407 | 224 | 51 | 267 | 16 |
| PS190-6:40 | Rear | 6:40 | 408 | 224 | 52 | 267 | 16 |
| PS220-6:40R | Rear | 6:40 | 432 | 244 | 55 | 287 | 16 |
| PS220-6:40F | Front | 6:40 | 430 | 244 | 55 | 296 | 16 |
| Fuso-8:39X | Rear | 8:39 | 343 | 200 | 40 | 221 | 20 |
| Fuso-8:39D | Rear | 8:39 | 343 | 200 | 40 | 221 | 20 |
| Pajero-11:45R | Rear | 11:45 | 227 | 153 | 40.5 | 214.5 | 25 |
| Pajero-11:45F | Front | 11:45 | 199 | 124 | 36 | 211 | 25 |
| Pajero-11:51RS | Rear | 11:51 | 200 | 124 | 39 | 211 | 25 |
| Pajero-11:51R | Rear | 11:51 | 228 | 145 | 43 | 216 | 25 |
| Pajero-11:51F | Front | 11:51 | 182 | 112 | 31 | 190 | 25 |
| Pajero-12:47R | Rear | 12:47 | 239 | 145 | 39 | 219.5 | 27 |
| Pajero-12:47F | Front | 12:47 | 201 | 124 | 35 | 210 | 25 |
| L200-7:37 | Rear | 7:37 | 200 | 125 | 41 | 211.5 | 25 |
| L200-7:40 | Rear | 7:40 | 200 | 124 | 43 | 212 | 25 |
| Nissan | |||||||
| Z24-9:37 | Rear | 9:37 | 258.5 | 165 | 36.5 | 275 | 29 |
| Patrol-10:37 | Rear | 10/37 | |||||
| Russian Car | |||||||
| LADA-11:43 | Rear | 11:43 | 164 | 96 | 24 | 185 | 6 |
| HD33-8:37 | Rear | 8:37 | 219 | 125 | 25 | 173 | 10 |
| GAZ-8:41 | Rear | 8/41 | 221 | 125 | 45.7 | 218.5 | 28 |
| GAZ-9:41 | Rear | 9/41 | 222 | 125 | 45 | 219.8 | 10 |
| GAZ-10:43 | Rear | 10/43 | 221.8 | 125 | 41.8 | 218.5 | 28 |
| GAZ-12:43 | Rear | 12/43 | 223 | 125 | 39.4 | 216.3 | 28 |
| South American car | |||||||
| SA-11:41 | Rear | 11:41 | 223 | 138 | 28 | 207 | 30 |
| SA-11:41S | Rear | 11:41 | 207 | 127 | 33 | 214 | 25 |
| SA-11:41S27 | Rear | 11:41 | 193 | 117.5 | 36 | 207 | 27 |
| SA-11:39 | Rear | 11:39 | 223 | 138 | 34 | 205 | 30 |
| SA-11:39S | Rear | 11:39 | 207 | 127 | 31.5 | 213 | 25 |
| SA-11:39S25 | Rear | 11:39 | 203 | 127 | 38 | 218 | 25 |
| SA-11:37 | Rear | 11:37 | 207 | 127 | 31 | 212.5 | 25 |
| SA-10:38 | Rear | 10:38 | 203 | 127 | 40 | 218 | 25 |
| SA-12:41 | Rear | 12:41 | 224 | 138 | 31 | 207 | 30 |
| SA-12:39 | Rear | 12:39 | 203 | 127 | 36 | 218 | 25 |
| Suzuki | |||||||
| Suzuki-6:41 | Rear | 6:41 | 162 | 100 | 29 | 155 | 18 |
| Suzuki-6:41S | Rear | 6:41 | 150 | 95 | |||
| Suzuki-8:41 | Rear | 8/41 | 190 | 118 | 32 | 200 | 26 |
| Suzuki-8:43S | Rear | 8/43 | 176 | 108 | 36 | 200 | 26 |
| Suzuki-8:43 | Rear | 8:43 | 179 | 114 | 35 | 203 | 26 |
| Suzuki-10:43 | Rear | 10:43 | 179 | 114 | 31 | 203 | 26 |
| Toyota | |||||||
| Hilux/Hiace-8:39 | Rear | 8:39 | 204 | 126 | 35 | 216 | 27 |
| Hilux/Hiace-8:39B | Rear | 8:39 | 200 | 126 | 27 | 215 | 27 |
| Hilux/Hiace-8:41 | Rear | 8:41 | 204 | 126 | 35 | 216 | 27 |
| Hilux/Hiace-8:41B | Rear | 8:41 | 204 | 126 | 28 | 216 | 27 |
| Hilux/Hiace-8:43 | Rear | 8:43 | 203 | 126 | 36.5 | 215 | 27 |
| Hilux/Hiace-9:41R29 | Rear | 9:41 | 202 | 126 | 34 | 215 | 29 |
| Hilux/Hiace-9:41R27 | Rear | 9:41 | 203 | 126 | 33 | 216 | 27 |
| Hilux/Hiace-9:41F | Front | 9:41 | 204 | 126 | 33 | 204 | 29 |
| Hilux/Hiace-10:41F | Front | 10:41 | 204 | 126 | 31 | 215 | 29 |
| Hilux/Hiace-10:41R29 | Rear | 10:41 | 199 | 126 | 31 | 215 | 29 |
| Hilux/Hiace-10:41R27 | Rear | 10:41 | 203 | 126 | 31 | 216 | 27 |
| Hilux/Hiace-10:43R29 | Rear | 10:43 | 203 | 126 | 32.5 | 215 | 29 |
| Hilux/Hiace-10:43R27 | Rear | 10:43 | 203 | 126 | 31.5 | 216 | 27 |
| Hilux/Hiace-10:43F215 | Front | 10:43 | 203 | 126 | 33 | 215 | 29 |
| Hilux/Hiace-10:43F205 | Front | 10:43 | 203 | 126 | 32 | 205 | 29 |
| Hilux/Hiace-11:41R29 | Rear | 11:41 | 204 | 126 | 29 | 215 | 29 |
| Hilux/Hiace-11:41R27 | Rear | 11:41 | 203 | 126 | 30 | 216 | 27 |
| Hilux/Hiace-11:41F | Front | 11:41 | 203 | 126 | 36.5 | 204 | 29 |
| Hilux/Hiace-11:43 | Rear | 11:43 | 202 | 126 | 31 | 216 | 27 |
| Hilux/Hiace-12:43R | Rear | 12:43 | 203 | 126 | 28 | 216 | 29 |
| Hilux/Hiace-12:43F | Front | 12:43 | 203 | 126 | 36 | 204 | 29 |
| Land Cruiser-9:37B | Rear | 9:37 | 240 | 138 | 29 | 203 | 27 |
| Land Cruiser-9:37 | Rear | 9:37 | 239 | 138 | 29.5 | 203 | 27 |
| Land Cruiser-10:41B | Rear | 10:41 | 239 | 138 | 29 | 203 | 27 |
| Land Cruiser-10:41 | Rear | 10:41 | 239 | 150 | 36 | 208 | 32 |
| Land Cruiser-10:43 | Rear | 10:43 | 237 | 150 | 37 | 218 | 32 |
| Land Cruiser-10:37 | Rear | 10:37 | 239 | 138 | 26.5 | 204 | 27 |
| Land Cruiser-10:37B | Rear | 10:37 | 238 | 138 | 26.7 | 203 | 27 |
| DAIHATSU-7:39 | Rear | 7:39 | 290 | 160 | 41 | 251 | 19 |
| DAIHATSU-7:41 | Rear | 7:41 | 290 | 160 | 42 | 252 | 19 |
| Coaster-6:37 | Rear | 6:37 | 265 | 167 | 39 | 214 | 19 |
| Coaster-6:41 | Rear | 6:41 | 263 | 167 | 40 | 214 | 19 |
| Coaster-7:39 | Rear | 7:39 | 265 | 167 | 38 | 213 | 19 |
| Coaster-7:41 | Rear | 7:41 | 262 | 167 | 38 | 213 | 19 |
| Coaster-7:43 | Rear | 7:43 | 263 | 167 | 39 | 214 | 19 |
| Coaster-8:43 | Rear | 8:43 | 264 | 167 | 37 | 214 | 19 |
| Coaster-8:45 | Rear | 8:45 | 263.5 | 167 | 37 | 214 | 19 |
| 14B-6:37 | Rear | 6:37 | 304 | 200 | 41 | 222 | 19 |
| 14B-6:39 | Rear | 6:39 | 304 | 200 | 41 | 223 | 19 |
| 14B-6:41 | Rear | 6:41 | 304 | 200 | 43 | 223 | 19 |
| F50-11:37 | Rear | 11:37 | 202 | 133 | 28 | 201 | 16 |
| F50-11:39 | Rear | 11:39 | 201 | 133 | 29 | 203 | 16 |
| Townace-10:43 | Rear | 10:43 | 178 | 108 | 27 | 212 | 23 |
| Toyota-6:37 | Rear | 6:37 | 304 | 165 | 42 | 243 | 10 |
| Revo-12:43 | Rear | 12/43 | 224 | 141 | 34 | 208 | 34 |